The purpose of this session is to delineate a simple framework for defining and assessing the availability of fiscal space for health and to discuss a variety of applications in lower and middle-income countries including India, Indonesia, Rwanda, and Uganda. In several country contexts, the need for increasing government health spending is often well-articulated and identified. However -- discounting considerations of whether increased government health spending would actually lead to improved health outcomes -- such "needs assessments" are often not accompanied by analyses of where additional resources to finance increases in government health spending would come from. Although fiscal space is often analyzed from a more general macroeconomic purview, this session highlights and discusses different avenues for assessing the availability of resources specifically within the context of the public sector in health both from a more general analytical perspective as well as in the context of several specific country examples.